Oceania is a continent whole island, located between the Indian Ocean and the Pacific Ocean. The largest island among those who constitute it is Australia, then followed in order of size of New Zealand and Papua New Guinea. Finally, there is a myriad of islands grouped by convention into three sets: Micronesia (small islands), Melanesia (black islands) and Polynesia (many islands).
From a morphological Australia can be divided into three regions: along the western side lies a vast desert plateau, the central part is occupied by a large depression, the eastern part is flat and is enclosed by the Great Dividing Range.
Only the south-eastern region is crossed by major rivers: the Murray and Darling. New Zealand is an archipelago of two main islands, North Island and the Island of the South, surrounded by other smaller islands. The North Island is characterized by the presence of phenomena such as volcanic geysers. The South Island is dominated by the Southern Alps.
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The vast territory of New Guinea is crossed by high mountain range that occupies the whole territory.
The origin of the smaller islands is not uniform. Some are volcanic, the other peaks are revealed large undersea mountain ranges, then others are atolls, islets that is the almost circular in shape, formed by coral reefs. The climate is tropical in the north, desert in the center and south Mediterranean.
POPULATION
The oldest settlement is that of the Melanesian and Polynesian populations. The Pacific Islands and Australia were the last places in the world to be colonized, although their discovery dates back to the sixteenth century. During the fourteenth many smaller islands were colonized by various European powers.
Overall today Oceania is a continent is sparsely populated with a very low average density. The urbanization is very high in Australia and New Zealand, and in some islands tourist attraction.
The ethnic composition is diverse. Today the population of European origin and U.S. are the vast majority. There are also large Chinese and Indian minorities.
With the arrival of Europeans has gradually reduced the presence of native peoples: Aboriginal and Maori.
ECONOMY
The economic structure of the continent is very uneven. The most developed areas are represented by Australia and New Zealand.
The rest of Oceania but plays a marginal role in the global economy, with modest overall economic activity, linked to tourism, fisheries and agriculture.
The agricultural sector is very productive in Australia despite the relative scarcity of arable land. The New Zealand instead includes a major livestock activities.
Agriculture is organized almost everywhere especially with the plantation system that work for export.
While the industry has developed almost exclusively in Australia, the subsoil of many islands is very rich in minerals. The most important energy resources are coal and oil and natural gas. Very popular is the extraction of natural phosphates. Overall, however, the most popular and profitable service activities are those relating to tourism.
MORE STATES 'MAJOR
Australia: The Republic of Australia includes the large island of the same name, the island of Tasmania and some smaller islands. The Australian territory is formed by a large plateau to the west, the east by a plain surrounded by the Great Dividing Range and in the middle of some mountains. To the south-west are the Murray and Darling rivers and Lake Eyre.
The humid climate is divided into north, arid and temperate in the south. Australia is the most populous state of Oceania. The majority of the population is white. Agriculture is quite developed, especially that of plantation produces grain, fruit, cotton and tobacco. Very well developed farming, especially cattle and sheep. Australia is a land rich in mineral resources. The capital is Canberra.
New Zealand: New Zealand is an independent archipelago. It consists of two main islands, North Island and the Island of the South, surrounded by other children. The North Island is characterized by volcanic phenomena such as geysers. The South Island is instead formed by the Southern Alps.
The smaller islands
The origin of the smaller islands is not uniform: many are volcanic, formed by the accumulation of solidified lava in contact with water. Other islands are made up of peaks emerged of large undersea mountain ranges. The majority are atolls, islets of water that is circular in shape formed by coral reefs, which enclose a lagoon inside.
LITTLE ANIMAL AND PLANT SPECIES
On these islands, climatic conditions are very different. In those closest to the equator the rains are abundant and present throughout the year. A hand as we move towards the tropics and rainfall decreases are distributed differently. Overall, there are few plant species (mainly coconut and pineapple) and animal (especially birds) that live on these islands.
THE HISTORY OF THE PEOPLE
The oldest settlement is that of the Melanesian people, arrived from the south-eastern Europe is somewhere between 4 and the first millennium BC, this group may also belong to the original inhabitants of New Guinea (Papua) and the Australian Aborigines.
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The Polynesians
The population of the smaller islands occurred around 1500 BC with the establishment of groups of Polynesians originated in Asia but also their lighter-skinned, from the islands of Indonesia. Belong to the group of Polynesian Hawaiians, the Tahitians, Samoans and Maoris of New Zealand.
EUROPEANS
The first large group of Europeans settled in Australia was made by prisoners, used for forced labor in the lands granted to British settlers, usually military. In the mid-nineteenth century. Other Europeans settled in the territory of Australia and later in New Zealand, attracted by agriculture and livestock, as well as by the discovery of deposits of gold. Upon arrival of the British Australia was almost uninhabited groups of Polynesians living on the coasts, and within very narrow community of Aborigines who hunted, fished and gathered fruits.
OTHER CAMPS
During the nineteenth century. Many small islands were colonized by European powers, Tahiti, New Caledonia, Wallis and Futuna islands became French colonies, were assigned to the Hawaii United States, including Guam, part of Samoa and Northern Marianas came under U.S. protection perchèritenuti territories great strategic and military importance. New Zealand has the Cook Islands Niue and Tokelau and the United Kingdom, the Pitcairn Island and other islets almost uninhabited. Australia has the Norfolk Island and Christmas, and Easter Island is part of Chile
MORE ON IMMIGRATION FLOWS 'RECENT
To the inhabitants during the 20th century, large flows of immigrants are added to the first Europeans and then Asians. Following strict controls were adopted in order to limit the British immigrati.oggi of new people from Europe and U.S. are the vast majority of the population.
A small population
The Oceania is a continent is sparsely populated and with a very low average density. The density is even lower, while Australia is + high in many small states insulari.la population distribution is uneven: some islands are densely populated while others are opposed to the sparsely inhabited or uninhabited. The urbanization is very high in Australia and New Zealand and some islands in high tourist attraction. In New Guinea most people living in non-urban areas.
Urban areas
Among the most important cities are Sydney and Melbourne, Australia, metropolitan, industrial, commercial and financial centers as well as very dynamic port. In New Zealand the main city is Aukland commercial and industrial center.
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